Principle of equivalence of three aspects of national income
GDP, income, expenditure that three kinds of measures in terms of national income is always consistent.
GDP: the final product value (Y)
Gross Income: The sum of the elements income (wages + capital rent + rent + profits)
Expenditure: Household Consumption + Investment + Government spending + net exports (C + I + G + NX)
GDP = Y = C + I + G + NX = wages + capital rent + rent + profit
GDP = Total expenditure (Y = C + I + G + NX)
Production and consumption both as to the Y Household consumption Government consumption Investment Net exports, sees the unspent portion of inventory investment. Post-optimal investment in inventory is included in the investment (I) to achieve the end Y = C + I + G + NX.
Gross income = expenditure (wages + capital rent + rent + capital profits = C + I + G + NX)
Expenses of the person who is at the same time, the income of other people. Logically, income and expenditure are consistent.
GDP = Gross Income (Y = wages + capital rent + rent + capital profits)
The payment of wages to workers. It shall pay the rent to the capital. The land to pay the rent. This is the income that each element. Excluding the cost of total factor income from the total product value of the company remains profitable. Profits are included in the income of executives. The combined gross income is the total factor income and the income of the profits of management. The GDP can be calculated by adding the cost of total factor income and profits. Therefore, this is gross income.
Based on Principle of equivalence of three aspects of national income eventually national income equivalent to three sides.
Saturday, November 14, 2015
GDP components, nominal and real GDP
Components of GDP
Y = C + I + G + NX
GDP consumption = investment + government purchases + Net Exports
Consumption (C) What is the goods and services purchased by households. It is divided into nondurable goods and durable goods. Durable goods are goods that can be used for a long time when you purchase one. For example, including a refrigerator, a car, a washing machine and the like. Nondurable goods are used by a relatively short period of time after purchase. For example, foods, drinks, clothing, and the like.
Investment (I) refers to the accumulation of real capital. Purchase of the company's new production plant and equipment are included in this investment. New homes purchased by households are included in investment. Inventory of the company are included in inventory investment as an investment.
The government purchases (G) include the goods and services purchased by the government. The only government transfer payments are not included in government purchases.
Net exports (NX) is a concept, except for income from exports. Part of which is exported in an open economy is a part of production in the country. Part of which is imported from abroad is a part of that production. Save the difference of the two may be reflected in GDP.
Nominal GDP and real GDP
Nominal GDP is a measure of the value of the year prices. (NGDP = P1 and Q1)
Real GDP is a measure of the value of the price of base year. (RGDP = P0 and Q1)
In the event of inflation than the base year will have a value greater than the nominal GDP is real GDP.
In order to evaluate the economic growth is more appropriate to consider the impact of productivity and real GDP only receive welfare.
Economic growth is g = (the year the real GDP - the base year real GDP) can be found in / base year real GDP (X 100).
Y = C + I + G + NX
GDP consumption = investment + government purchases + Net Exports
Consumption (C) What is the goods and services purchased by households. It is divided into nondurable goods and durable goods. Durable goods are goods that can be used for a long time when you purchase one. For example, including a refrigerator, a car, a washing machine and the like. Nondurable goods are used by a relatively short period of time after purchase. For example, foods, drinks, clothing, and the like.
Investment (I) refers to the accumulation of real capital. Purchase of the company's new production plant and equipment are included in this investment. New homes purchased by households are included in investment. Inventory of the company are included in inventory investment as an investment.
The government purchases (G) include the goods and services purchased by the government. The only government transfer payments are not included in government purchases.
Net exports (NX) is a concept, except for income from exports. Part of which is exported in an open economy is a part of production in the country. Part of which is imported from abroad is a part of that production. Save the difference of the two may be reflected in GDP.
Nominal GDP and real GDP
Nominal GDP is a measure of the value of the year prices. (NGDP = P1 and Q1)
Real GDP is a measure of the value of the price of base year. (RGDP = P0 and Q1)
In the event of inflation than the base year will have a value greater than the nominal GDP is real GDP.
In order to evaluate the economic growth is more appropriate to consider the impact of productivity and real GDP only receive welfare.
Economic growth is g = (the year the real GDP - the base year real GDP) can be found in / base year real GDP (X 100).
Definition of GDP, concepts and methods of measurement.
Definition and concept of GDP
GDP (gross domestic product) is the market value of all produced within a country in a given period of final goods and services.
The 'flow' the only elements to measure the value of a given production period.
Only if it produced in one country to recognize all foreign nationals without distinction.
Only recognized the value of final produced goods and do not recognized trading of goods produced in the past.
One transaction is recognized any goods made or illegal underground economy that is going through the market can not be measured.
Intermediate goods and final goods are only accepted for production inputs are not accepted.
Goods as well as the intangible services are also included in the GDP calculation. Measurement is based on market value.
Three kinds of measurement of GDP
GDP is a value of the final product, by the sum of the added value, can be calculated as the sum of the elements income.
The value of the end product is a GDP itself. The end products are for direct consumption without being used as intermediate products.
Value added at each stage sales value - can be found in the intermediate costs. All the step-by-step combined value can be calculated GDP.
Factor income is divided by Labour expenses (wages), capital expenditures (rent), land expenses (rent), executive income (profit). It can be found all adding to GDP.
In fact, in reality the separation of the final goods and intermediate goods are working hard to add only final goods. Therefore, using the GDP obtained through the sum of the added value mainly.
GDP (gross domestic product) is the market value of all produced within a country in a given period of final goods and services.
The 'flow' the only elements to measure the value of a given production period.
Only if it produced in one country to recognize all foreign nationals without distinction.
Only recognized the value of final produced goods and do not recognized trading of goods produced in the past.
One transaction is recognized any goods made or illegal underground economy that is going through the market can not be measured.
Intermediate goods and final goods are only accepted for production inputs are not accepted.
Goods as well as the intangible services are also included in the GDP calculation. Measurement is based on market value.
Three kinds of measurement of GDP
GDP is a value of the final product, by the sum of the added value, can be calculated as the sum of the elements income.
The value of the end product is a GDP itself. The end products are for direct consumption without being used as intermediate products.
Value added at each stage sales value - can be found in the intermediate costs. All the step-by-step combined value can be calculated GDP.
Factor income is divided by Labour expenses (wages), capital expenditures (rent), land expenses (rent), executive income (profit). It can be found all adding to GDP.
In fact, in reality the separation of the final goods and intermediate goods are working hard to add only final goods. Therefore, using the GDP obtained through the sum of the added value mainly.
International Politics Paradigm: realism and liberalism and constructivism
1. The meaning of paradigm
International politics paradigm is a point of view or perspective on archaeological matters of international politics. There are hypotheses and theories within the paradigm. In international politics paradigm is classified as a 'liberal' and other alternative theories 'realism'. But among alternative theories considering recent development of the 'constructivist' constructivism needs to find out more.
2. The realistic perspective
Realism emphasizes the structural situation that the absence of the 'upper body authority' (hierarchy) and 'anarchy' (anarchy) of the country. Countries have no choice but to 'self' (self-help) to 'survive'.
'Hypotheses of relative national power' by Joseph Grieco reflects the vision of realism. The nose is very citing the example of Hobbes's state of anarchy argue that faced with the "lack of enforcement ' rather than' protection of members' (lack of protection) status. In addition, countries are claiming positions of the atoms present non-existence. Therefore, countries are often difficult to see cooperation is difficult to maintain cooperation for mutual survival, even the opportunity to create a common interest.
3. The realism of the main theories
'New realism' of the main theories reflects the realism paradigm Waltz (K. Waltz), the Mearshimer's 'offensive realism', Jervis (R. Jervis)'s defensive realism, Organski' s transfer power theory, Gilpin's the "great powers changing ',' supremacy stabilization of Kindle Burger, Mogenso of 'classical realism,
4. The terms of liberalism
Liberalism argues that if there is a default, the number of joint profit opportunities across countries get the benefit through cooperation. In particular, to form a 'system' that sees through an agreement between the State and through this mutual control is also available.
Liberalism sees that, unlike realism is not a tragedy of historic circulation can reach a permanent peace with the cooperation of the countries. In addition, the actors in world politics will be that country, as well as the international organizations, associations, multinational corporations, individuals such as non-state actors.
5. The major theories of liberalism
The main liberal theory reflects the paradigm ' neo liberal regime's R. Keohane .
6. perspective of constructivism
There is a constructivism in addition to realism and liberalism. Constructivism emphasized the importance of the 'identity' and recognition, and was born. Constructivism core is that same 'structure' in the interests pursued in accordance with the recognition of the 'object' can vary. Although not completely deny the realism of the structure and distribution of power is a fundamental difference in terms Seeing a peek inside the country.
7. Comparison between paradigms
Realism, liberalism, the dominant paradigm to point out to the edge of constructivism does not exist. Access on a case-by-case basis by the theory to explain the matter better attitude is required to describe the phenomenon.
International politics paradigm is a point of view or perspective on archaeological matters of international politics. There are hypotheses and theories within the paradigm. In international politics paradigm is classified as a 'liberal' and other alternative theories 'realism'. But among alternative theories considering recent development of the 'constructivist' constructivism needs to find out more.
2. The realistic perspective
Realism emphasizes the structural situation that the absence of the 'upper body authority' (hierarchy) and 'anarchy' (anarchy) of the country. Countries have no choice but to 'self' (self-help) to 'survive'.
'Hypotheses of relative national power' by Joseph Grieco reflects the vision of realism. The nose is very citing the example of Hobbes's state of anarchy argue that faced with the "lack of enforcement ' rather than' protection of members' (lack of protection) status. In addition, countries are claiming positions of the atoms present non-existence. Therefore, countries are often difficult to see cooperation is difficult to maintain cooperation for mutual survival, even the opportunity to create a common interest.
3. The realism of the main theories
'New realism' of the main theories reflects the realism paradigm Waltz (K. Waltz), the Mearshimer's 'offensive realism', Jervis (R. Jervis)'s defensive realism, Organski' s transfer power theory, Gilpin's the "great powers changing ',' supremacy stabilization of Kindle Burger, Mogenso of 'classical realism,
4. The terms of liberalism
Liberalism argues that if there is a default, the number of joint profit opportunities across countries get the benefit through cooperation. In particular, to form a 'system' that sees through an agreement between the State and through this mutual control is also available.
Liberalism sees that, unlike realism is not a tragedy of historic circulation can reach a permanent peace with the cooperation of the countries. In addition, the actors in world politics will be that country, as well as the international organizations, associations, multinational corporations, individuals such as non-state actors.
5. The major theories of liberalism
The main liberal theory reflects the paradigm ' neo liberal regime's R. Keohane .
6. perspective of constructivism
There is a constructivism in addition to realism and liberalism. Constructivism emphasized the importance of the 'identity' and recognition, and was born. Constructivism core is that same 'structure' in the interests pursued in accordance with the recognition of the 'object' can vary. Although not completely deny the realism of the structure and distribution of power is a fundamental difference in terms Seeing a peek inside the country.
7. Comparison between paradigms
Realism, liberalism, the dominant paradigm to point out to the edge of constructivism does not exist. Access on a case-by-case basis by the theory to explain the matter better attitude is required to describe the phenomenon.
Custom International law (2): validity, national stubborn opposition, proven, evidence
4. stubbornly opposed the state and validity of customs
Validity of customs shall take effect as law for all countries. Emerging countries that emerged after the non-participating countries have established practices and customs are also within the scope of practice effects. However, if one country is recognized as an exception stubbornly opposed to any country. Recognition requirements from the very beginning when the customs form, that is stubbornly persistent and consistent, aggressive and should be clearly opposed. Examples stubborn opposition in the country can be recognized Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case of 1951 ICJ. In the case of newly independent There can not be an exception. However, there is no hierarchy between treaties and conventions. Therefore, any method can be used to constitute the norm.
5. The proof of customary law exists, responsibility
Proven on the common law form shall be in accordance with the Basic Law of the burden of proof. In other words there is a side benefit to the burden of proof to demonstrate by. In principle, the Court has referred to the agenda customs law. Therefore, this method has the burden of proof as to the countries that claim. But actually impose the burden of proof to countries that invoked the customs legislation.
6. Evidence of customs forms
That could be evidence of customs in the national action can be including treaties, national legislation, national case law, the resolutions of international organizations. It may be the only evidence as customs, nor have the direct effect of international law must not be to develop customs.
7. Instant customs Theory
Legal certainty is established only according to the theory of instant customary requirements of the convention. The international community is opposed to the ideology and interests of society as a division. As a result, the general practice is difficult to appear. This is the basis for the assertion that it is difficult to form soon customary practice.
According to the instant customary law principles of UNGA resolutions and norms constitutes the theory declared enemy resolution is formed immediately upon adoption of new customs approved unanimously or overwhelmingly. This is the numerical superiority of the Third World countries have a favorable way even though they oppose Western countries. 2 common view is required novel theory rather than practice an instant.
Validity of customs shall take effect as law for all countries. Emerging countries that emerged after the non-participating countries have established practices and customs are also within the scope of practice effects. However, if one country is recognized as an exception stubbornly opposed to any country. Recognition requirements from the very beginning when the customs form, that is stubbornly persistent and consistent, aggressive and should be clearly opposed. Examples stubborn opposition in the country can be recognized Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case of 1951 ICJ. In the case of newly independent There can not be an exception. However, there is no hierarchy between treaties and conventions. Therefore, any method can be used to constitute the norm.
5. The proof of customary law exists, responsibility
Proven on the common law form shall be in accordance with the Basic Law of the burden of proof. In other words there is a side benefit to the burden of proof to demonstrate by. In principle, the Court has referred to the agenda customs law. Therefore, this method has the burden of proof as to the countries that claim. But actually impose the burden of proof to countries that invoked the customs legislation.
6. Evidence of customs forms
That could be evidence of customs in the national action can be including treaties, national legislation, national case law, the resolutions of international organizations. It may be the only evidence as customs, nor have the direct effect of international law must not be to develop customs.
7. Instant customs Theory
Legal certainty is established only according to the theory of instant customary requirements of the convention. The international community is opposed to the ideology and interests of society as a division. As a result, the general practice is difficult to appear. This is the basis for the assertion that it is difficult to form soon customary practice.
According to the instant customary law principles of UNGA resolutions and norms constitutes the theory declared enemy resolution is formed immediately upon adoption of new customs approved unanimously or overwhelmingly. This is the numerical superiority of the Third World countries have a favorable way even though they oppose Western countries. 2 common view is required novel theory rather than practice an instant.
Common International law (1): Definition, establishment requirements, Features of orgins
1. The definition of common law
The definition of common law can be considered evidence of a general practice accepted as law. General practice is the uniform of many countries and means that iteration of a coherent and cumulative actions. It has been accepted as law recognizes that it conforms to practice law, that means that the legal conviction (opinio juris).
2. The features of origin of the Common law
As the origin of the common law characteristics are as follows: The common law is spontaneous. Although not intended to constitute countries of origin which form the law is the law through their voluntary actions. Examples may include the First World War that the custom of the time limit for entry into the airspace formed. Common law may be vague because it exists and that the content of customary oral law. Nevertheless, if the common law forms (except the stubborn opposition National) all have legal effect to general international law as a state.
3. The requirements of established custom: general practice, legal certainty
The establishment of the customs requirements, there are two require novels and attribute custom theory. Common view and case law follows the two required novels. 2 requires novel means of obtaining the legal certainty of the existence and general practices of the country. As it first checks for the presence of the time factor is not a common practice for the decisive factor it is established custom. In addition, it is also not clear. A significant amount of time may be necessary, and also formed in a short period of time. An example is formed in a short period of time up to 200m water depth of the coastal State referred to in the Truman Declaration may be right for the continent rods.
(1) The general practice
Uniformity and consistency is needed for the establishment of customs. And the generality of practice is needed. Generality means representative of the practice. The representative must meet both the quantitative and qualitative representation representative. Quantitative representation means that the majority of countries participating in the international community. Qualitative representation means that the representatives of participating countries will be particularly affected if the screen customary practices.
For example, there may be mentioned a compensation portion of the right requirement of nationalization. Requirements for acceptance as a legitimate objective of public interest, non-discrimination, compensation must fulfill three. But the Third World and socialist countries in the area have claimed compensation to the compensation in accordance with its criteria and is following the Western camp who claimed to have a bar in Hull official opposition. The Hull formula is immediate, adequate and effective compensation means. The countries particularly affected the Hull formula were the same formula made it difficult to see the Third World and socialist countries are opposed to the right to accommodate legitimate customary. As a result, countries have entered into bilateral investment agreements or free trade agreements and are stated separately from the Hull formula.
(2) legal certainty
The customary practices of the country is only in effect. There is no effect by law. Legal certainty is needed to become a law. Just 2 John is the essence of the novel is centered theory of action. If the presence of the recognized common practice to estimate the legal acquisition of the certainty.
The definition of common law can be considered evidence of a general practice accepted as law. General practice is the uniform of many countries and means that iteration of a coherent and cumulative actions. It has been accepted as law recognizes that it conforms to practice law, that means that the legal conviction (opinio juris).
2. The features of origin of the Common law
As the origin of the common law characteristics are as follows: The common law is spontaneous. Although not intended to constitute countries of origin which form the law is the law through their voluntary actions. Examples may include the First World War that the custom of the time limit for entry into the airspace formed. Common law may be vague because it exists and that the content of customary oral law. Nevertheless, if the common law forms (except the stubborn opposition National) all have legal effect to general international law as a state.
3. The requirements of established custom: general practice, legal certainty
The establishment of the customs requirements, there are two require novels and attribute custom theory. Common view and case law follows the two required novels. 2 requires novel means of obtaining the legal certainty of the existence and general practices of the country. As it first checks for the presence of the time factor is not a common practice for the decisive factor it is established custom. In addition, it is also not clear. A significant amount of time may be necessary, and also formed in a short period of time. An example is formed in a short period of time up to 200m water depth of the coastal State referred to in the Truman Declaration may be right for the continent rods.
(1) The general practice
Uniformity and consistency is needed for the establishment of customs. And the generality of practice is needed. Generality means representative of the practice. The representative must meet both the quantitative and qualitative representation representative. Quantitative representation means that the majority of countries participating in the international community. Qualitative representation means that the representatives of participating countries will be particularly affected if the screen customary practices.
For example, there may be mentioned a compensation portion of the right requirement of nationalization. Requirements for acceptance as a legitimate objective of public interest, non-discrimination, compensation must fulfill three. But the Third World and socialist countries in the area have claimed compensation to the compensation in accordance with its criteria and is following the Western camp who claimed to have a bar in Hull official opposition. The Hull formula is immediate, adequate and effective compensation means. The countries particularly affected the Hull formula were the same formula made it difficult to see the Third World and socialist countries are opposed to the right to accommodate legitimate customary. As a result, countries have entered into bilateral investment agreements or free trade agreements and are stated separately from the Hull formula.
(2) legal certainty
The customary practices of the country is only in effect. There is no effect by law. Legal certainty is needed to become a law. Just 2 John is the essence of the novel is centered theory of action. If the presence of the recognized common practice to estimate the legal acquisition of the certainty.
International law Introduction: definition, origin, subject, sovereignty
1. Definition of international law,
International law is the law governing the international community. Norms of conduct that is the subject of international law. International law is essentially a sovereign independent state or territorial state legal framework designed to govern the relationship between each other.
2. Enlarge the subject of international law
Subjects of international law was recognized only country in the past. Lotus Lake in the early 20th century events Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) "The law shall govern the relations between independent states," he said. However, international law since the Second World War, as well as countries, including international organizations, individuals, national liberation organizations have attempted such efforts to expand the subjects of international law. Territorial sovereignty and national independence of the concept has been formed since the time of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 signed the Westphalia Peace sees the treaty as a starting point for the European law.
3. The origin of international law
Traditionally, the origin of this treaty and customary international law are. Treaty legislation and practices can be found in the oral law. Treaties and conventions can see that allowing everyone because it does not ban "prohibited norms.
4. decentralized international community and sovereignty
The international community is decentralized society rather than centralized society. Therefore, the parent of a unified national legislature, the judiciary, the executive does not exist. As a result, it is possible the decentralization of power to each country. In addition, there is sovereignty for each country. Sovereignty is the best and has a personality that is independent, internally as externally. National sovereignty since the late 19th century until the early 20th century has been absolutely ensured. But today the sovereignty of the country has been relatively guaranteed. Specifically, it will absolutely respect the sovereignty of individual countries to further Iranian interests than the interests of the entire international community grant absolute rights to the country. Whereas the relative sovereignty means the interests of individual countries may be limited to the interests of the entire international community.
Nevertheless, the country, except for their self-restraint laws agreed on the basic principles of the international law does not constrain. The formation of international law is the state itself must comply with international law, on the other hand is that the limited information that is being done in the case that limits their sovereignty.
5. Enlarging attemption of origin
In addition to the traditional origin of treaties and conventions to expand attempt it was made origin. 1920 PCIJ 'general principles of law, defined in Article 38, paragraph 1 (c) has been extended to a third of origin. However, if this is not comparable with those treaties and conventions that do not exist only to serve as a 'supplementary origin. Definition of the general principles of law are the general principles of the legislation approved by civilization. Is a common part with other countries from the national law of the country can be seen as recognition that the origins of international law. The introduction of general principles of law serves to prevent the trial due to the inability to international law, legislative deficiency. The national legislators of international law, established procedures agreed with the need for countries to act inde how to make your own passive restraint referred to the general principles of law were highlighted. In 1960, an attempt to expand the UNGA resolution in origin, but was unsuccessful. Doctrine and case law in the academic world is not recognized origin. International tribunals also have no binding precedent.
6. major organs of the UN
Representative international organization, the General Assembly as the main body of UN (GA), the Security Council (SC), the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Trusteeship Council (TC), the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the like.
International law is the law governing the international community. Norms of conduct that is the subject of international law. International law is essentially a sovereign independent state or territorial state legal framework designed to govern the relationship between each other.
2. Enlarge the subject of international law
Subjects of international law was recognized only country in the past. Lotus Lake in the early 20th century events Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) "The law shall govern the relations between independent states," he said. However, international law since the Second World War, as well as countries, including international organizations, individuals, national liberation organizations have attempted such efforts to expand the subjects of international law. Territorial sovereignty and national independence of the concept has been formed since the time of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 signed the Westphalia Peace sees the treaty as a starting point for the European law.
3. The origin of international law
Traditionally, the origin of this treaty and customary international law are. Treaty legislation and practices can be found in the oral law. Treaties and conventions can see that allowing everyone because it does not ban "prohibited norms.
4. decentralized international community and sovereignty
The international community is decentralized society rather than centralized society. Therefore, the parent of a unified national legislature, the judiciary, the executive does not exist. As a result, it is possible the decentralization of power to each country. In addition, there is sovereignty for each country. Sovereignty is the best and has a personality that is independent, internally as externally. National sovereignty since the late 19th century until the early 20th century has been absolutely ensured. But today the sovereignty of the country has been relatively guaranteed. Specifically, it will absolutely respect the sovereignty of individual countries to further Iranian interests than the interests of the entire international community grant absolute rights to the country. Whereas the relative sovereignty means the interests of individual countries may be limited to the interests of the entire international community.
Nevertheless, the country, except for their self-restraint laws agreed on the basic principles of the international law does not constrain. The formation of international law is the state itself must comply with international law, on the other hand is that the limited information that is being done in the case that limits their sovereignty.
5. Enlarging attemption of origin
In addition to the traditional origin of treaties and conventions to expand attempt it was made origin. 1920 PCIJ 'general principles of law, defined in Article 38, paragraph 1 (c) has been extended to a third of origin. However, if this is not comparable with those treaties and conventions that do not exist only to serve as a 'supplementary origin. Definition of the general principles of law are the general principles of the legislation approved by civilization. Is a common part with other countries from the national law of the country can be seen as recognition that the origins of international law. The introduction of general principles of law serves to prevent the trial due to the inability to international law, legislative deficiency. The national legislators of international law, established procedures agreed with the need for countries to act inde how to make your own passive restraint referred to the general principles of law were highlighted. In 1960, an attempt to expand the UNGA resolution in origin, but was unsuccessful. Doctrine and case law in the academic world is not recognized origin. International tribunals also have no binding precedent.
6. major organs of the UN
Representative international organization, the General Assembly as the main body of UN (GA), the Security Council (SC), the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Trusteeship Council (TC), the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the like.
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